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Contact afpserv aafp. Want to use this article elsewhere? Get Permissions. Read the Issue. Sign Up Now. Previous: Common Stress Fractures. Next: Tremor. Oct 15, Issue. Panax Ginseng. TABLE 1 Key Points About Panax ginseng Efficacy Psychologic functioning: effective; conflicting evidence Physical performance: ineffective Immune system: effective Diabetes: modest effect; evidence limited Adverse effects Nausea, diarrhea, euphoria, insomnia, headaches, hypertension, hypotension, mastalgia, vaginal bleeding, blood pressure abnormalities Interactions Caution advised about concomitant use with phenelzine Nardil , warfarin Coumadin , oral hypoglycemics, insulin, or caffeine, and about use in patients with hypertension or bleeding Dosage Standardized extract: mg per day Dry root tea form or chewed : 0.
Read the full article. Get immediate access, anytime, anywhere. Choose a single article, issue, or full-access subscription. Earn up to 6 CME credits per issue. Some test-tube and animal studies show that components in ginseng, like ginsenosides and compound K, could protect the brain against damage caused by free radicals 12 , 13 , One study followed 30 healthy people who consumed mg of Panax ginseng daily for four weeks. At the end of the study, they showed improvement in mental health, social functioning and mood.
However, these benefits stopped being significant after 8 weeks, suggesting that ginseng effects might decrease with extended use Another study examined how single doses of either or mg of Panax ginseng affected mental performance, mental fatigue and blood sugar levels in 30 healthy adults before and after a minute mental test. The mg dose, as opposed to the mg dose, was more effective at improving mental performance and fatigue during the test It is possible that ginseng assisted the uptake of blood sugar by cells, which could have enhanced performance and reduced mental fatigue.
Yet it is not clear why the lower dose was more effective than the higher one. A third study found that taking mg of Panax ginseng daily for eight days improved calmness and math skills Research has shown that ginseng may be a useful alternative for the treatment of erectile dysfunction ED in men 21 , It seems that compounds in it may protect against oxidative stress in blood vessels and tissues in the penis and help restore normal function 23 , Additionally, studies have shown that ginseng may promote the production of nitric oxide, a compound that improves muscle relaxation in the penis and increases blood circulation 24 , Moreover, another study showed that 86 men with ED had significant improvements in erectile function and overall satisfaction after taking 1, mg of aged ginseng extract for 8 weeks However, more studies are needed to draw definite conclusions about the effects of ginseng on ED Summary Ginseng may improve symptoms of erectile dysfunction by decreasing oxidative stress in tissues and enhancing blood flow in penile muscles.
Ginseng may strengthen the immune system. Some studies exploring its effects on the immune system have focused on cancer patients undergoing surgery or chemotherapy treatment. One study followed 39 people who were recovering from surgery for stomach cancer, treating them with 5, mg of ginseng daily for two years. Interestingly, these people had significant improvements in immune functions and a lower recurrence of symptoms Another study examined the effect of red ginseng extract on immune system markers in people with advanced stomach cancer undergoing post-surgery chemotherapy.
After three months, those taking red ginseng extract had better immune system markers than those in the control or placebo group It seems that ginseng extract could enhance the effect of vaccinations against diseases like influenza, as well Even though these studies show improvements in immune system markers in people with cancer, more research is needed to demonstrate the efficacy of ginseng in boosting resistance to infections in healthy people Summary Ginseng may strengthen the immune system in people with cancer and even enhance the effects of certain vaccinations.
Ginseng may be helpful in reducing the risk of certain cancers Ginsenosides in this herb have been shown to help reduce inflammation and provide antioxidant protection 34 , The cell cycle is the process by which cells normally grow and divide. Ginsenosides could benefit this cycle by preventing abnormal cell production and growth 34 , Moreover, an observational study suggested that people taking ginseng could be less likely to develop certain types of cancer, such as lip, mouth, esophagus, stomach, colon, liver and lung cancer, than those who do not take it Ginseng may also help improve the health of patients undergoing chemotherapy, reduce side effects and enhance the effect of some treatment drugs While studies on the role of ginseng in cancer prevention show some benefits, they remain inconclusive Summary Ginsenosides in ginseng seem to regulate inflammation, provide antioxidant protection and maintain the health of cells, which could help decrease the risk of certain kinds of cancer.
Nevertheless, more research is needed. Various animal studies have linked some components in ginseng, like polysaccharides and oligopeptides, with lower oxidative stress and higher energy production in cells, which could help fight fatigue 38 , 39 , One four-week study explored the effects of giving 1 or 2 grams of Panax ginseng or a placebo to 90 people with chronic fatigue.
Those given Panax ginseng experienced less physical and mental fatigue, as well as reductions in oxidative stress, than those taking the placebo Another study gave cancer survivors experiencing fatigue 2, mg of American ginseng or a placebo. After eight weeks, those in the ginseng group had significantly lower fatigue levels than those in the placebo group Furthermore, a review of over studies suggested that ginseng supplements may not only help reduce fatigue but also enhance physical activity Summary Ginseng may help fight fatigue and enhance physical activity by lowering oxidative damage and increasing energy production in cells.
Ginseng seems to be beneficial in the control of blood glucose in people both with and without diabetes 44 , American and Asian ginseng have been shown to improve pancreatic cell function, boost insulin production and enhance the uptake of blood sugar in tissues Moreover, studies show that ginseng extracts help by providing antioxidant protection that reduce free radicals in the cells of those with diabetes One study assessed the effects of 6 grams of Korean red ginseng, along with the usual anti-diabetic medication or diet, in 19 people with type 2 diabetes.
Interestingly, they were able to maintain good blood sugar control throughout the week study. Another study showed that American ginseng helped improve blood sugar levels in 10 healthy people after they performed a sugary drink test It seems that fermented red ginseng could be even more effective at blood sugar control. Fermented ginseng is produced with the help of live bacteria that transform the ginsenosides into a more easily absorbed and potent form In fact, a study demonstrated that taking 2.
Summary Ginseng, particularly fermented red ginseng, may help increase insulin production, enhance blood sugar uptake in cells and provide antioxidant protection. Ginseng root can be consumed in many ways. It can be eaten raw or you can lightly steam it to soften it. It can also be stewed in water to make a tea. To do this, just add hot water to freshly sliced ginseng and let it steep for several minutes. Ginseng can be added to various recipes like soups and stir-frys, too. And the extract can be found in powder, tablet, capsule and oil forms.
How much you should take depends on the condition you want to improve. Overall, daily doses of 1—2 grams of raw ginseng root or — mg of extract are suggested. Summary Ginseng can be eaten raw, made into tea or added to various dishes. It can also be consumed as a powder, capsule or oil. According to research, ginseng appears to be safe and should not produce any serious adverse effects.
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